Thesis

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\begin{titlepage}
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{\Huge Title}

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{\LARGE 2015}

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{\Large Graduate School of Economics}
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{\huge Waseda University}
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{\huge Name}

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\pagenumbering{roman}
\tableofcontents
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\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Figures}
\listoffigures\newpage
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Tables}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Acknowledgments}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Abstract}
\newpage
\chapter*{Dedication}

\chapter*{Acknowledgements}
\begin{singlespace}

I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my advisor
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\chapter{Introduction}\label{ch:intro}

Global transportation costs have been ...




\section{Background of the Study}


\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \

\begin{table}[ht]

\caption{Outline of the Model}

\label{outline model}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l p{5cm} p{5cm}}
\toprule

Chapter & Landlocked Country Policy & Coastal Country Policy \\
\midrule
Chapter 2 & Transport Subsidy & Transit Fee \\
Chapter 3 & Transport R\&D Subsidy & Transit Fee \\
Chapter 4 & Infrastructure Provision & Infrastructure Provision \& Transit Fee \\
\toprule
\multicolumn{2}{l}{%
\begin{minipage}{5cm}%
\tiny Source: Author
\end{minipage}%
}\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}


\begin{figure}[htbp]
\caption{The Model Structure}
\label{Themodelstructure}
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{phdthesismodelstructure.png}}
\begin{minipage}{7.4cm}%
\tiny Source: Author.
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{singlespace}
\chapter{Strategic Transit Regime and Trade Policies}\label{Transit fee}%Chapter 2
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\section{Introduction}

\chapter{Conclusions}\label{ch:conc}
%transit


\begin{table}[ht]

\caption{Outline of the Results}

\label{outline results}
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{p{1.6cm} | p{3cm} |p{4cm}| p{4cm}}
\toprule
Chapter & Firms' Competition Type & Optimal Landlocked Country Policy (sign) & Optimal Coastal Country Policy (sign) \\
\hline\hline
2 & Cournot & Transport Subsidy (+ve) & Transit Fee (+ve) \\
\hline
3 & Cournot & Transport R\&D Subsidy (+ve) & Transit Fee (+ve) \\
\hline
4 & Cournot & Infrastructure Provision (+ve) & Infrastructure Provision (+ve) \& Transit Fee (+ve) \\
\hline
\toprule
\multicolumn{2}{l}{%
  \begin{minipage}{5cm}%
    \tiny Source: Author
  \end{minipage}%
}\\
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\appendix
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\chapter{The Almathy Programme of Action}\label{AppA}


\begin{table}[htbp]
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\caption{The Almathy Programme of Action}
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\label{almathysummary}
  \begin{tabular}{l p{14cm}}
\toprule

Agenda & Action \\ [0.5ex]
\midrule
Transit Policy & Landlocked and Transit countries should review transport regulatory frameworks and establish regional transport corridors\\ [0.5ex]
\midrule
Infrastructure Development & Landlocked countries need to develop multi-modal
networks (rail, road, air, and pipeline infrastructure projects) \\ [0.5ex]
\midrule
Trade and transport facilitation & Landlocked countries need to implement
the international conventions and instruments that facilitate transit trade
(including the WTO) \\ [0.5ex]
\midrule
Development assistance & The international community should assist landlocked
countries by: (1) providing technical support, (2) encouraging foreign
direct investment, and (3) increasing official development assistance \\ [0.5ex]
\midrule
Implementation and review & The participating agencies should monitor the
implementation of transit instruments and conduct a comprehensive review of
their implementation in due course.\\ [0.5ex]
\toprule
\multicolumn{2}{l}{%
  \begin{minipage}{18cm}%
    \tiny Source: \cite{Arvis2011}\\ Original Source: Almathy Programme of Action 2003. UN-OHRLLS (UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States); World Bank
  \end{minipage}%
}\\
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}
\end{table}
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\vspace{1cm}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\caption{The Transit Operation}
\label{thetransitoperation}
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{transitoperation.png}}
\begin{minipage}{10cm}%
    \tiny Source: Author
  \end{minipage}
\end{figure}






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\chapter{Strategic Trade Policy}
\section{Model of Brander (1981)}\label{ModelofBrander1981}
Assume that there are two countries, Home and Foreign, with one firm in each. The profit function of the home and foreign firms are given as follows:
\begin{equation}\label{profithomeinbradermodel}
\pi=xW'(x+gy)-cx+guW'(gu+v)-cu-F
\end{equation}

and

\begin{equation}\label{profitforeigninbrandermodel}
\pi^*=gyW'(x+gy)-cy+vW'(gu+v)-cv-F
\end{equation}

where $x$($y$) and $u$($v$) are products of home (foreign) firm which provide supply for the home market and foreign market, respectively. Meanwhile, $W'(x+gy)$ and $W'(gu+v)$ are the demand function in the home market and foreign market, respectively. The firms maximize profit and compete \'{a} la Cournot in determining the quantities. Hence, the best response of the two firms are given by the first order condition of equation \eqref{profithomeinbradermodel} and equation \eqref{profitforeigninbrandermodel}, which yield:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\pi_x&=W'+xW^{''}-c&= 0,\\
\pi^*_y&=gW'+g^2yW^{''}-c&= 0,\\
\pi_u&=gW'+g^2W^{''}-c&= 0, \\
\pi^*_v&=W'+vW^{''}-c&= 0
\end{align}
\end{subequations}

Omitting some calculation, we restate the outcome of the analysis as follows:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\label{gonx}
\dfrac{dx}{dg}<0, \\
\label{gongy}
\dfrac{d(gy)}{dg}>0
\end{align}
\end{subequations}

Hence, the equations, equation \eqref{gonx} and equation \eqref{gongy}, show the effects of the iceberg cost on the output. Intuitively, it states that a decrease in transportation cost increases (decreases) the foreign (domestic) share in the domestic market.

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